Science, Spirituality and Life
This is just some drafts and notes of my personal studies on various fields and here made available online in order to share with the readers of my blog.
Geshe Gedun Tharchin
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1. Introduction
2. Wisdom and compassion
3. The interconnection between compassion and wisdom
4. The realization of compassion and the realization of wisdom
5. Meditative concentration and analytical reflection
6. Wisdom and compassion
7. Wisdom and compassion in spirituality
8. Compassion and wisdom – an antidote to human suffering
9. Elimination of physical, psychological and mental pain in humans
10. Permanent pain but not infinity
11. The meaning of human pain
12. The cause of human pain
13. Ignorance and human suffering
14. Life without pain
15. Transformation of suffering
16. Karma, dharma, samsara and nirvana
17. Meditation and human life
18. The points of convergence between science and spirituality
19. Living in samsara but without creating further karma
20. Bodhisattva ideals in scientific and social context
21. Application of Boddhisattva ideal in modern time
22. Conclusion words
1. Introduction
2. Wisdom and compassion
3. The interconnection between compassion and wisdom
4. The realization of compassion and the realization of wisdom
5. Meditative concentration and analytical reflection
6. Wisdom and compassion
7. Wisdom and compassion in spirituality
8. Compassion and wisdom – an antidote to human suffering
9. Elimination of physical, psychological and mental pain in humans
10. Permanent pain but not infinity
11. The meaning of human pain
12. The cause of human pain
13. Ignorance and human suffering
14. Life without pain
15. Transformation of suffering
16. Karma, dharma, samsara and nirvana
17. Meditation and human life
18. The points of convergence between science and spirituality
19. Living in samsara but without creating further karma
20. Bodhisattva ideals in scientific and social context
21. Application of Boddhisattva ideal in modern time
22. Conclusion words
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1. Introduction
Science and spirituality are both very important in life and can help us understand the world in different ways. When we bring these two ideas together, they can make life better. Science affects every part of our lives. Modern medicine, which is based on scientific research, has increased life expectancy, cured diseases and improved quality of life. Nutrition and hygiene are based on scientific knowledge.
Every part of modern life, like how we talk to each other, how we get around, the energy we use and computers, comes from science. Technology gives us the tools to solve problems and work better.
Science gives us a map that is accurate and reliable about how the universe works, from the physics of subatomic particles to the immensity of the cosmos, and it satisfies our intellectual curiosity. The scientific method encourages us to question things, think for ourselves and look for proof, which are all important skills for living in a complicated world and stopping people from tricking us.
Spirituality (in a general sense, not necessarily connected to a specific religion) can answer some deep and common human questions. Spirituality is a way of thinking about what life is about, the "why" we live, and the answers to basic questions about where we came from and where we're going. Spirituality provides a moral compass, guiding human behavior through principles such as compassion, love, forgiveness and responsibility, which are essential for society and for each person's well-being.
Spiritual practices like meditation, prayer and mindfulness can help you deal with stress, overcome difficulties, find inner calm and develop gratitude. It makes people feel like they belong to something bigger than themselves, like a community, nature, or a higher power. This helps fight feelings of isolation and loneliness.
The key to a balanced life is to combine science and spirituality. Science is great at explaining the physical world, while spirituality is better at exploring the emotional and value-based parts of life. Use science to improve your physical health (eating well and doing exercise) and spiritual practices to improve your mental and emotional health (meditation, finding meaning in life). Use science to understand the results of our actions and spiritual guidance to make decisions that are right and fair. The order of the universe is a source of spiritual inspiration.
Science gives us the power to act in the world, while spirituality gives us the wisdom to use that power in a meaningful and ethical way. Both are necessary to fully understand what it means to be human.
2. Wisdom and compassion
Science says that compassion is closely linked to wisdom and is a key part of it. Research shows that compassion, along with other qualities, helps people to become wise. Studies on wisdom show that it has many parts, like empathy, compassion, self-reflection and emotional regulation. So, compassion alone won't make you wise, but it's a key part of the process.
Treating others with kindness makes you feel less stressed, better about yourself and helps you get on better with other people. These benefits can help you think more clearly and develop wisdom.
In human sciences, compassion is seen as an innate feeling that is essential to human relationships, and is linked to caring for others and forming attachments. This biological and emotional basis is key to morality and mature social interactions, which form the foundation of practical wisdom.
Compassion is more than just feeling sorry for someone. It makes you want to help people who are suffering. This tendency to do good things, when combined with wisdom (understood as clarity and good judgement), leads to helpful and non-harmful actions.
Modern science and psychology think that compassion and wisdom are connected. They influence and reinforce each other. This means that they do not have a simple cause-and-effect relationship.
3. The interconnection between compassion and wisdom
According to modern science and psychology, it is unlikely, if not impossible, to develop true wisdom without also cultivating compassion. The two qualities are considered closely interconnected and complementary.
Psychological research suggests that wisdom is not just intelligence or intellectual knowledge. When disconnected from compassion, knowledge becomes analytical, detached, and can lead to decisions that do not take into account the well-being of others, thus lacking a fundamental aspect of practical wisdom.
Wisdom involves making thoughtful decisions that benefit both the individual and society. Compassion provides the ethical motivation and prosocial orientation necessary to apply knowledge in an ethical and altruistic manner. Without this drive, even the best knowledge may not translate into wise action.
Several psychological and philosophical models (often influenced by traditions such as Buddhism, but validated by modern research) see wisdom and compassion as two “wings” that must develop together. They balance each other out, with wisdom preventing compassion from becoming naive or counterproductive, and compassion preventing wisdom from becoming dry or detached.
Wisdom requires high emotional regulation and the integration of cognitive and affective aspects. Cultivating compassion helps develop this emotional intelligence, which is essential for navigating the complexity of human relationships and life in general.
Although one can accumulate a great deal of knowledge or intelligence without being compassionate, science tends to define wisdom as an integrated set of cognitive, emotional, and prosocial qualities, in which compassion plays a central and indispensable role.
4. The realization of compassion and the realization of wisdom
According to science and psychology, although the cultivation of compassion is a powerful driver and an essential component of wisdom, it does not automatically or inevitably lead to the realization of wisdom.
Research suggests that wisdom and compassion ideally develop together, reinforcing each other, like the “two wings of a bird”. Compassion provides ethical motivation and prosocial orientation, while wisdom (in the form of awareness, discernment and emotional regulation) ensures that this motivation is applied effectively and harmlessly.
Psychology recognizes the concept of “naive compassion” (often described in contexts such as Buddhism), which occurs when compassion lacks wisdom. In such cases, the desire to alleviate others' suffering can lead to blurring boundaries, avoiding necessary confrontation, or acting in ways that, while well-intentioned, end up being counterproductive or even harmful in the long run.
In addition to the emotional orientation of compassion, wisdom requires the active development of cognitive and meta-cognitive skills, such as the ability to see things from different perspectives, manage complexity, reflect on one's own experience, and regulate emotions in a balanced way. These skills require intentional practice and cultivation, often through mindfulness and meditation, which go beyond compassionate intention alone.
Compassion is a necessary but not sufficient condition for wisdom. Its full realization requires intentional development of discernment and awareness to transform benevolent intention into truly wise action.
5. Meditative concentration and analytical reflection
Both compassion and wisdom are cultivated through a combination of practices, including both meditative concentration and analytical reflection. Modern science and psychology, often drawing on Eastern contemplative models (such as Buddhism), recognise that both approaches are necessary and complementary for their full development.
Compassion is primarily developed through practices that combine meditative and reflective elements. Research has shown that specifically oriented meditations, such as Loving-Kindness Meditation (LKM) and Compassion Meditation (CM), are effective in increasing levels of compassion and altruism. These practices use concentration to stabilise the mind and then intentionally direct thoughts and wishes of well-being towards oneself and others, activating neural circuits related to empathy and emotional processing.
Reflection is integrated into the process. For example, in Cognitively-Based Compassion Training (CBCT), practitioners reflect on the interconnectedness of all beings and the benefits of compassion, which helps to overcome cognitive biases and consolidate a rational basis for compassionate behaviour.
Wisdom, understood as a deep understanding of reality and the ability to make thoughtful decisions, also requires a multimodal approach.
Mindfulness meditation develops concentration and non-judgmental attention to the present moment. This creates a reflective “mental space” between perception and response, which is essential for making more thoughtful and less reactive decisions, a key aspect of wisdom.
Wisdom flourishes through active inquiry and analysis of the nature of existence, interdependence, and one's own inner experiences. This analytical reflection leads to deep insights into reality and the nature of the self, which are considered the essence of wisdom in many contemplative and psychological contexts.
Science supports the combined use of both modes: meditative concentration creates the necessary mental stability and emotional openness, while analytical reflection provides the cognitive clarity and discernment to guide these qualities effectively and wisely.
6. Wisdom and compassion
According to modern science and psychology, wisdom is a complex and multidimensional concept, studied in psychology as a human quality that goes beyond simple intelligence or knowledge. There is no single universal definition, but researchers agree on several key elements.
Wisdom involves the ability to integrate acquired knowledge, personal experience and a certain degree of intuition to understand human life and its complexities. It is not just knowing, but knowing how to apply what one knows.
It is the ability to act, evaluate and advise with prudence, balance and common sense. The wise person is able to deliberate on what is good and useful for the well-being (happiness in the Aristotelian sense) of individuals and society. It includes the ability to see situations from different perspectives, recognize the uncertainty of life and reflect on events in order to learn from mistakes.
Contemporary models of wisdom (such as those proposed by Jeste or Grossman) include emotional and social components, such as empathy, compassion and the ability to regulate one's emotions to foster healthy relationships and ethical behavior.
In psychological science, compassion is a specifically defined emotion and attitude, distinct from simple empathy (which is the emotional sharing of another's pain). It is a particular sensitivity towards the suffering of others (and oneself), combined with an attitude of kindness and openness.
The key element that distinguishes compassion is an active commitment and desire to alleviate that suffering. It goes beyond simply “feeling like the other person” (empathy) and motivates caring action. It involves the ability to be present with those who are suffering without judgement, offering genuine support.
It is considered a fundamental human quality, which can be intentionally cultivated through meditative and reflective practices (such as Compassion Focused Therapy).
Compassion provides ethical motivation oriented towards collective well-being, while wisdom provides discernment and the cognitive and emotional capacity to act on that motivation in the most effective and balanced way possible.
7. Wisdom and compassion in spirituality
Both wisdom and compassion are considered spiritual qualities in many philosophical and religious traditions (such as Buddhism and Christianity) and, in a broader context, also by modern science, which studies them in the field of the psychology of spirituality and well-being.
In spiritual traditions, wisdom and compassion are often considered the foundations of the path to inner growth. They are seen as universal values, essential for human growth and connection with something greater than oneself (the divine, the absolute, or humanity as a whole).
Many philosophies (particularly Mahayana Buddhism) consider them to be the “two wings” necessary to navigate the path to enlightenment or liberation: wisdom (Prajña) to understand the nature of reality (such as emptiness or interdependence), and compassion (Karuna) as the motivation to alleviate the suffering of all beings.
Some consider them the “true test of spirituality”, in the sense that a spiritually lived life manifests itself in seeking the best for the human community as a whole, with a reference point that goes beyond personal interest.
Modern science does not concern itself with defining whether something is “spiritual” in the metaphysical sense, but studies spirituality as a dimension of human experience, linked to values, the search for meaning and connection.
In this context, wisdom and compassion are valid, measurable psychological constructs with biological bases. Research demonstrates their benefits for mental health, social relationships and general well-being.
Modern holistic approaches often integrate Western science with Eastern wisdom, seeing compassion and wisdom as qualities that can be cultivated through practices (such as mindfulness and meditation) that have proven neurobiological effects.
Some researchers and authors refer to “spiritual intelligence” as the ability to maintain wisdom and compassion and inner and outer peace, suggesting that these qualities are at the heart of a higher, transformative type of intelligence.
Both wisdom and compassion are considered qualities that transcend mere intellectual knowledge or simple feeling. They are seen as attributes that elevate the human experience and are fundamental to both scientifically studied personal growth and traditional spiritual paths.
8. Compassion and wisdom – an antidote to human suffering
According to science and psychology, compassion and wisdom act as a powerful “antidote” to human suffering, not in the sense of eliminating it completely, but by helping to manage it, reduce its impact and transform it into a growth experience.
Compassion (including self-compassion) directly reduces pain through several mechanisms.
Practicing compassion activates the parasympathetic nervous system (which calms the body), reducing the production of stress hormones such as cortisol. This creates mental resilience and a “buffer” against everyday stress.
Suffering and pain often lead to isolation and loneliness, which further aggravate discomfort. Compassion promotes a sense of connection with others, counteracting loneliness. Research shows that strong social ties are a key factor in longevity and mental health.
Being compassionate shifts the focus from excessive “self-focus” (concern for “myself and my problems”), often linked to anxiety and depression, to “other-focus” (concern for others). This change in perspective breaks negative thought loops. Compassion generates the desire and motivation to act to alleviate suffering. Acting proactively gives a sense of purpose and control, counteracting feelings of helplessness.
Wisdom works on a cognitive and deep understanding level, providing context for suffering. Wisdom, often through reflection, leads to the understanding that everything that has a beginning has an end and that suffering is part of the human experience. This awareness reduces the reaction of resistance to pain, which is often the source of further suffering (the “second arrow” of Buddhist psychology).
Wisdom helps us navigate the uncertainty and complexity of life with greater balance. It allows us to accept what we cannot change and to discern situations where we can take action.
It offers a broader perspective, helping us to place pain in a larger context, reducing its overwhelming impact and allowing us to learn from it.
Combined action is the most powerful antidote to pain and suffering. Wisdom understands the universal and inevitable nature of suffering and provides the cognitive tools to deal with it without adding further mental pain. Compassion provides the emotional motivation and energy to act in a constructive and connected way, alleviating one's own pain and that of others. Together, these qualities transform our relationship with suffering, making it manageable and paving the way for deeper well-being.
9. Elimination of physical, psychological and mental pain in humans
According to science, human pain (physical, psychological and mental) does not have a single universal “antidote”, but requires an integrated and multimodal approach. Pain is a complex experience influenced by biological, psychological and social factors.
Here are the scientifically validated strategies and approaches for addressing and “eliminating” pain. The goal is to manage the biological cause and reduce the painful sensation. The use of analgesics, anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs), and in some cases opioids or anticonvulsants, is a pillar of acute and chronic pain management.
Physiotherapy and low-impact exercise, tailored to the patient's condition, are effective tools for reducing persistent pain and improving mobility. Acupuncture, massage, and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) are often used as a complement to conventional treatments, with evidence of effectiveness for certain conditions.
The goal is to change negative thoughts, regulate emotions, and make sense of the experience. It helps identify and change thoughts and behaviors that may exacerbate pain or emotional distress. It focuses on accepting pain as part of the human experience and committing to living in line with one's values, even in the presence of pain, proving particularly effective for chronic pain.
Mindfulness and breathing techniques help reduce pain perception by creating a “space” between the painful stimulus and the emotional reaction, improving emotional regulation. Talking to professionals or support groups is therapeutic, as sharing experiences counteracts isolation and loneliness.
Modern science recognizes that the “real antidote” lies in tackling pain on multiple fronts. The brain reprocesses pain signals based on past experiences, fears and concerns; it does not simply receive them passively. Regular physical activity has beneficial effects on both physical pain and mental well-being.
There is no single “magic pill” or antidote. Effective management of human pain requires a holistic approach that combines appropriate medical care, psychological support, lifestyle changes (exercise, diet) and the development of coping skills such as mindfulness and reflection.
10. Permanent pain but not infinity
According to science, pain in the world and in human life is considered a biological and psychological phenomenon intrinsic to existence and, as such, not “infinite” but permanent throughout human history. There is no “end” to suffering as an absolute concept from a scientific point of view.
This is the scientific perspective. From a biological and evolutionary point of view, (physical) pain is an essential defense mechanism that alerts us to danger or bodily harm, enabling the survival of the species. Eliminating pain altogether would go against human biology.
Mental and emotional suffering is a complex response to internal and external stimuli (loss, dissatisfaction, trauma, etc.) and is a subjective experience. It is an integral part of the human condition, influenced by cultural, environmental and genetic factors.
Contrary to philosophical views that see it as an endless vicious circle (as in Schopenhauer), science sees it as an experience that alternates with other emotions (pleasure, boredom, happiness) and is transitory in the individual. Every person experiences pain at specific moments in their life, but it is not a constant and monolithic condition.
The modern scientific approach does not aim to eliminate pain from human life, but to understand it, manage it and reduce its destructive impact when it becomes chronic or pathological, through medicine, psychology and coping practices such as mindfulness and compassion.
Science considers pain to be an inevitable and functional component of individual and collective human life. It has no absolute purpose in the world, but it can be managed, mitigated and transformed into a meaningful experience.
11. The meaning of human pain
According to science, the most globally recognized definition of human pain is provided by the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP), which defines it as: 'An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage'.
This definition, updated in 2020, highlights several fundamental aspects of human pain from a scientific point of view: Pain is an intensely personal and subjective experience. No two people experience pain in exactly the same way, even if the physical cause is the same. The best indicator of a person's pain is their own account of it. Pain is not just a physical sensation, but always includes a negative emotional dimension. Emotional unpleasantness is an integral part of the pain experience.
A crucial point is that pain can exist even in the absence of actual or obvious tissue damage. The brain can process signals as if there were damage, leading to an equally real painful experience (think of phantom pain in an amputated limb, or chronic pain without an ongoing physical cause).
Modern science adopts the bio-psycho-social model to understand pain. This means that the experience of pain is influenced by a complex interaction of the activation of nociceptors (pain receptors) and the transmission of nerve signals to the brain. attitudes, beliefs, past experiences, stress, anxiety and depression.
The environmental and cultural context in which one lives. Acute pain has a protective biological function that is essential for survival: it acts as a warning signal that prompts us to avoid or withdraw the part of the body from danger (e.g. a hot surface).
Science defines human pain not as a simple mechanical signal of damage, but as a complex phenomenon that emerges from the interaction between mind and body, deeply influenced by the individual's psyche and social context.
12. The cause of human pain
According to science, the cause of human pain is multifactorial and complex, and is based on the biopsychosocial model. There is no single cause, but rather a dynamic interaction of several factors. The starting point of physical pain is often actual or potential tissue damage detected by the body. Specialized receptors called nociceptors detect harmful stimuli (excessive heat, pressure, chemicals, inflammation) and send signals to the spinal cord and brain.
Injuries, infections, chronic diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis or cancer), and neurological disorders (peripheral neuropathies) are common causes of acute and chronic pain.
In chronic pain, repeated pain signals can alter the central nervous system, creating a “pain memory” and amplifying the perception of pain, which itself becomes a pathology.
The mind profoundly influences how pain is perceived and experienced. Anxiety, depression, anger, and fear can intensify the perception of pain and maintain it over time, especially in chronic pain. There is a neurobiological link between physical and emotional pain.
Focused attention on pain, catastrophic thinking (expecting the worst) and past experiences influence the processing of pain signals in the brain. The brain can remember past painful experiences, and a memory can reactivate neural circuits that bring back the agony, even in the absence of the original stimulus.
The context in which a person lives has a significant impact on the experience of pain.
The way a culture expresses or manages pain can influence individual perception.
The presence of family and social support can mitigate pain, while isolation or conflictual relationships can exacerbate it.
Stressful living conditions or an unfavorable work environment can contribute to both physical and emotional pain. The cause of human pain is a dynamic interaction between body, mind and environment. Pain is not just a problem of the tissues, but a complex experience that involves the whole person.
13. Ignorance and human suffering
According to science, human ignorance is considered an indirect and significant cause of human suffering, although the term “ignorance” in a scientific context takes on a broader meaning than simply a lack of formal education. The impact of ignorance on suffering is analyzed mainly through psychology, sociology and behavioral economics.
'Voluntary ignorance' (the intentional refusal to know the consequences of one's actions) is scientifically linked to less altruistic behavior that is more harmful to others. Ignorance in this sense leads to decisions that cause suffering to other individuals, such as exploitation, social injustice and discrimination.
Scientific ignorance or misinformation (e.g., about health or climate change) can lead to preventable health crises and environmental destruction, which in turn generate large-scale suffering.
One form of psychological ‘ignorance’ is a lack of awareness of how the mind processes pain. The inability to understand that mental suffering is often linked to how we relate to events (rather than the events themselves) leads to reactions that intensify the pain. Wisdom, which comes from awareness of this ignorance, is a first step towards managing it.
This psychological phenomenon highlights how individuals with limited expertise in a field tend to overestimate their abilities (ignoring their own incompetence), leading to poor decisions and potentially painful consequences. Ignorance can lead to uncertainty, which is inherently aversive to the human brain, generating anxiety and suffering.
Modern science has found empirical evidence for old philosophical insights. Science, in a sense, supports the Socratic idea that “evil” (in the sense of harmful action or suffering) arises from ignorance. Being aware of one's ignorance is considered the beginning of wisdom and personal growth, which are essential for reducing suffering. The concept of moha (spiritual ignorance) as the main cause of all suffering, linked to attachment and distorted views of reality, is studied in the field of contemplative psychology.
Science does not identify ignorance as the sole cause of pain (there are also direct biological causes), but recognizes it as a determining factor that amplifies, perpetuates and generates much of human suffering through bad decisions, conflicts and the inability to manage one's own psyche.
14. Life without pain
According to science, there is no possibility of a completely pain-free human life. Pain, both physical and psychological, is considered an intrinsic and necessary component of human existence and life in general.
Here are the main reasons from a scientific point of view. Physical pain is a fundamental survival mechanism developed through evolution. It acts as an alarm system that alerts the body to damage or potential dangers (e.g., fire, injury, disease), allowing the individual to react and avoid life-threatening situations. Individuals with rare genetic mutations that make them insensitive to pain (congenital insensitivity to pain or CIP) are exposed to extreme health risks, precisely because they lack this vital signal and often suffer serious injuries without realizing it.
Emotional and mental suffering (psychological pain) is also a complex response to events such as loss, dissatisfaction, uncertainty and interpersonal challenges. Psychology considers it an inevitable part of human experience, linked to our capacity for consciousness, reflection and social connection.
The modern scientific approach does not aim to eliminate pain from existence, but to manage it and mitigate its impact when it becomes excessive, chronic or pathological, through medicine, psychology and the development of resilience.
A life without pain would not only be impossible with current human biology, but also extremely dangerous. The goal is not the absence of pain, but a life in which pain (which is temporary) alternates with other experiences, and suffering (which is mental) is managed with wisdom and compassion.
15. Transformation of suffering
According to science, it is possible both to transform pain into experiences that generate pleasure and to “transcend” suffering, meaning the ability to change its perception and meaning, rather than eliminate it completely from life.
In certain contexts, and through specific biological and psychological mechanisms, the human body has a natural pain relief system. When physical pain is experienced (such as during intense exercise, an ice bath or a deep massage), the central nervous system releases endorphins. These proteins act similarly to opiates, blocking pain signals and inducing feelings of euphoria or well-being, which are perceived as pleasure.
Pleasure can come from contrasting with pain. Overcoming a painful challenge (such as a marathon) generates a sense of accomplishment and pleasure. In psychology, masochism is a disorder in which pleasure is sought through pain, often linked to relationship dynamics or an unconscious desire for punishment or control.
Some studies suggest that excessive pleasure-seeking leads to an increase in “pain” (dysphoria) in order to maintain balance (homeostasis). Intentionally choosing a certain type of pain (e.g., “dopamine detox”) can paradoxically reset the brain to experience pleasure more fully.
Science defines “transcendence of pain” not as its eradication, but as the ability to change one's relationship with it, reducing its destructive impact on life.
Mindfulness-based therapies and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) teach us to “turn towards” suffering rather than fight it. The idea is that pain is inevitable, but suffering (the mental reaction to pain) is optional. Accepting pain reduces its emotional intensity.
Giving meaning or purpose to pain is a powerful psychological tool for transcending it. Suffering can become a catalyst for personal growth, empathy, and the development of wisdom.
Research on neuroplasticity shows that the brain can be “reset” to modulate pain perception. Techniques such as CBT and meditation can block ascending pain impulses and improve the pain inhibitory system, literally changing how pain is perceived in the brain.
In science states that one cannot live without pain, but one can learn to manage it, sometimes transforming it into pleasure or growth, and transcending the suffering that comes with it, developing resilience and wisdom.
16. Karma, dharma, samsara and nirvana
Science, as a discipline based on empiricism, measurability and the verification of hypotheses,
does not recognize the existence of karma, samsara or nirvana as objective phenomena or physical laws of the universe. These concepts belong to the sphere of Eastern philosophy, religion and spirituality.
However, modern science, particularly psychology and neuroscience, offers interpretations that “translate” or find correlations for some aspects of these concepts, linking them to psychological and behavioral processes.
Karma, Traditional Concept It is the universal law of ethical cause and effect, whereby every action (thought, word or deed) generates consequences that come to fruition in this or future lives. Science finds no evidence of a cosmic force that “keeps track” of actions.
However, the concept of karma can be interpreted in terms of Psychological Cause and Effect: Our actions and intentions shape our social environment and our psyche. Positive behaviors lead to healthier relationships and greater mental well-being, while negative actions can create isolation and suffering (a “self-fulfilling prophecy” on a human level).
Karma, as a basic concept, emphasizes the direct impact of one's choices and behavior on one's present and future existence. Dharma, Traditional Concept is often translated as “natural law” or “ultimate truth”, referring to one's duty, the right way of living, or the teachings of Buddha.
Science does not speak of “natural law” in an ethical sense, but the concept can be related to.
Living in accordance with one's “dharma” can be interpreted as living according to one's values and moral principles. Psychological research shows that acting in a manner consistent with one's values (moral integrity) contributes to greater psychological well-being and a sense of purpose.
Dharma promotes moral behaviors such as non-violence and generosity. Science supports the idea that altruism and social ethics are fundamental to a healthy society and individual well-being. Samsara, Traditional Concept is the endless cycle of birth, death, and rebirth, driven by karma and characterized by suffering (dukkha), attachment, and ignorance.
Science does not support the idea of reincarnation or an endless cycle of rebirths. However, samsara can be reinterpreted as a psychological level, the “cycle of samsara” can represent the mental loops of addiction, attachment and aversion that create continuous suffering. Ignorance of the true nature of reality, in this sense, is ignorance of one's own mental processes that perpetuate unhappiness.
Nirvana, Traditional Concept is liberation from the cycle of samsara, a state of peace, cessation of suffering, desire and ignorance. Science does not postulate a final state of metaphysical liberation, but nirvana can be seen as a mental state of deep inner peace, non-attachment and release from desire, achievable through practices such as meditation and mindfulness.
Studies on advanced meditative practices show neural changes that lead to greater emotional regulation, reduced amygdala activity (linked to fear and anxiety) and a sense of lasting calm and satisfaction, which can be seen as an “earthly” counterpart to nirvana.
17. Meditation and human life
According to science, meditation does not eliminate or transcend human pain in the sense of making it physically disappear, but it profoundly changes the perception and experience of pain and suffering. It helps to manage pain, reduce its intensity and improve quality of life, making suffering more manageable, but it does not eliminate it completely.
The key points based on scientific evidence, Meditation, particularly mindfulness, does not block nerve signals of pain, but “disconnects” the areas of the brain involved in physical sensation from those that process the emotional and evaluative response (the “suffering”). Numerous studies have shown that meditation can significantly reduce pain intensity and discomfort, sometimes to a greater extent than pain medication or the placebo effect.
Meditation-based therapies, such as Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR), are considered effective treatments for chronic pain, comparable to other established psychological therapies such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). In addition to pain, meditation helps manage related aspects such as anxiety, depression, sleep quality and coping skills, reducing the functional impact of pain on daily life.
According to science, the cause of human pain is multifactorial and complex, and is based on the biopsychosocial model. There is no single cause, but rather a dynamic interaction of several factors. The starting point of physical pain is often actual or potential tissue damage detected by the body. Specialized receptors called nociceptors detect harmful stimuli (excessive heat, pressure, chemicals, inflammation) and send signals to the spinal cord and brain.
Injuries, infections, chronic diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis or cancer), and neurological disorders (peripheral neuropathies) are common causes of acute and chronic pain.
In chronic pain, repeated pain signals can alter the central nervous system, creating a “pain memory” and amplifying the perception of pain, which itself becomes a pathology.
The mind profoundly influences how pain is perceived and experienced. Anxiety, depression, anger, and fear can intensify the perception of pain and maintain it over time, especially in chronic pain. There is a neurobiological link between physical and emotional pain.
Focused attention on pain, catastrophic thinking (expecting the worst) and past experiences influence the processing of pain signals in the brain. The brain can remember past painful experiences, and a memory can reactivate neural circuits that bring back the agony, even in the absence of the original stimulus.
The context in which a person lives has a significant impact on the experience of pain.
The way a culture expresses or manages pain can influence individual perception.
The presence of family and social support can mitigate pain, while isolation or conflictual relationships can exacerbate it.
Stressful living conditions or an unfavorable work environment can contribute to both physical and emotional pain. The cause of human pain is a dynamic interaction between body, mind and environment. Pain is not just a problem of the tissues, but a complex experience that involves the whole person.
13. Ignorance and human suffering
According to science, human ignorance is considered an indirect and significant cause of human suffering, although the term “ignorance” in a scientific context takes on a broader meaning than simply a lack of formal education. The impact of ignorance on suffering is analyzed mainly through psychology, sociology and behavioral economics.
'Voluntary ignorance' (the intentional refusal to know the consequences of one's actions) is scientifically linked to less altruistic behavior that is more harmful to others. Ignorance in this sense leads to decisions that cause suffering to other individuals, such as exploitation, social injustice and discrimination.
Scientific ignorance or misinformation (e.g., about health or climate change) can lead to preventable health crises and environmental destruction, which in turn generate large-scale suffering.
One form of psychological ‘ignorance’ is a lack of awareness of how the mind processes pain. The inability to understand that mental suffering is often linked to how we relate to events (rather than the events themselves) leads to reactions that intensify the pain. Wisdom, which comes from awareness of this ignorance, is a first step towards managing it.
This psychological phenomenon highlights how individuals with limited expertise in a field tend to overestimate their abilities (ignoring their own incompetence), leading to poor decisions and potentially painful consequences. Ignorance can lead to uncertainty, which is inherently aversive to the human brain, generating anxiety and suffering.
Modern science has found empirical evidence for old philosophical insights. Science, in a sense, supports the Socratic idea that “evil” (in the sense of harmful action or suffering) arises from ignorance. Being aware of one's ignorance is considered the beginning of wisdom and personal growth, which are essential for reducing suffering. The concept of moha (spiritual ignorance) as the main cause of all suffering, linked to attachment and distorted views of reality, is studied in the field of contemplative psychology.
Science does not identify ignorance as the sole cause of pain (there are also direct biological causes), but recognizes it as a determining factor that amplifies, perpetuates and generates much of human suffering through bad decisions, conflicts and the inability to manage one's own psyche.
14. Life without pain
According to science, there is no possibility of a completely pain-free human life. Pain, both physical and psychological, is considered an intrinsic and necessary component of human existence and life in general.
Here are the main reasons from a scientific point of view. Physical pain is a fundamental survival mechanism developed through evolution. It acts as an alarm system that alerts the body to damage or potential dangers (e.g., fire, injury, disease), allowing the individual to react and avoid life-threatening situations. Individuals with rare genetic mutations that make them insensitive to pain (congenital insensitivity to pain or CIP) are exposed to extreme health risks, precisely because they lack this vital signal and often suffer serious injuries without realizing it.
Emotional and mental suffering (psychological pain) is also a complex response to events such as loss, dissatisfaction, uncertainty and interpersonal challenges. Psychology considers it an inevitable part of human experience, linked to our capacity for consciousness, reflection and social connection.
The modern scientific approach does not aim to eliminate pain from existence, but to manage it and mitigate its impact when it becomes excessive, chronic or pathological, through medicine, psychology and the development of resilience.
A life without pain would not only be impossible with current human biology, but also extremely dangerous. The goal is not the absence of pain, but a life in which pain (which is temporary) alternates with other experiences, and suffering (which is mental) is managed with wisdom and compassion.
15. Transformation of suffering
According to science, it is possible both to transform pain into experiences that generate pleasure and to “transcend” suffering, meaning the ability to change its perception and meaning, rather than eliminate it completely from life.
In certain contexts, and through specific biological and psychological mechanisms, the human body has a natural pain relief system. When physical pain is experienced (such as during intense exercise, an ice bath or a deep massage), the central nervous system releases endorphins. These proteins act similarly to opiates, blocking pain signals and inducing feelings of euphoria or well-being, which are perceived as pleasure.
Pleasure can come from contrasting with pain. Overcoming a painful challenge (such as a marathon) generates a sense of accomplishment and pleasure. In psychology, masochism is a disorder in which pleasure is sought through pain, often linked to relationship dynamics or an unconscious desire for punishment or control.
Some studies suggest that excessive pleasure-seeking leads to an increase in “pain” (dysphoria) in order to maintain balance (homeostasis). Intentionally choosing a certain type of pain (e.g., “dopamine detox”) can paradoxically reset the brain to experience pleasure more fully.
Science defines “transcendence of pain” not as its eradication, but as the ability to change one's relationship with it, reducing its destructive impact on life.
Mindfulness-based therapies and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) teach us to “turn towards” suffering rather than fight it. The idea is that pain is inevitable, but suffering (the mental reaction to pain) is optional. Accepting pain reduces its emotional intensity.
Giving meaning or purpose to pain is a powerful psychological tool for transcending it. Suffering can become a catalyst for personal growth, empathy, and the development of wisdom.
Research on neuroplasticity shows that the brain can be “reset” to modulate pain perception. Techniques such as CBT and meditation can block ascending pain impulses and improve the pain inhibitory system, literally changing how pain is perceived in the brain.
In science states that one cannot live without pain, but one can learn to manage it, sometimes transforming it into pleasure or growth, and transcending the suffering that comes with it, developing resilience and wisdom.
16. Karma, dharma, samsara and nirvana
Science, as a discipline based on empiricism, measurability and the verification of hypotheses,
does not recognize the existence of karma, samsara or nirvana as objective phenomena or physical laws of the universe. These concepts belong to the sphere of Eastern philosophy, religion and spirituality.
However, modern science, particularly psychology and neuroscience, offers interpretations that “translate” or find correlations for some aspects of these concepts, linking them to psychological and behavioral processes.
Karma, Traditional Concept It is the universal law of ethical cause and effect, whereby every action (thought, word or deed) generates consequences that come to fruition in this or future lives. Science finds no evidence of a cosmic force that “keeps track” of actions.
However, the concept of karma can be interpreted in terms of Psychological Cause and Effect: Our actions and intentions shape our social environment and our psyche. Positive behaviors lead to healthier relationships and greater mental well-being, while negative actions can create isolation and suffering (a “self-fulfilling prophecy” on a human level).
Karma, as a basic concept, emphasizes the direct impact of one's choices and behavior on one's present and future existence. Dharma, Traditional Concept is often translated as “natural law” or “ultimate truth”, referring to one's duty, the right way of living, or the teachings of Buddha.
Science does not speak of “natural law” in an ethical sense, but the concept can be related to.
Living in accordance with one's “dharma” can be interpreted as living according to one's values and moral principles. Psychological research shows that acting in a manner consistent with one's values (moral integrity) contributes to greater psychological well-being and a sense of purpose.
Dharma promotes moral behaviors such as non-violence and generosity. Science supports the idea that altruism and social ethics are fundamental to a healthy society and individual well-being. Samsara, Traditional Concept is the endless cycle of birth, death, and rebirth, driven by karma and characterized by suffering (dukkha), attachment, and ignorance.
Science does not support the idea of reincarnation or an endless cycle of rebirths. However, samsara can be reinterpreted as a psychological level, the “cycle of samsara” can represent the mental loops of addiction, attachment and aversion that create continuous suffering. Ignorance of the true nature of reality, in this sense, is ignorance of one's own mental processes that perpetuate unhappiness.
Nirvana, Traditional Concept is liberation from the cycle of samsara, a state of peace, cessation of suffering, desire and ignorance. Science does not postulate a final state of metaphysical liberation, but nirvana can be seen as a mental state of deep inner peace, non-attachment and release from desire, achievable through practices such as meditation and mindfulness.
Studies on advanced meditative practices show neural changes that lead to greater emotional regulation, reduced amygdala activity (linked to fear and anxiety) and a sense of lasting calm and satisfaction, which can be seen as an “earthly” counterpart to nirvana.
17. Meditation and human life
According to science, meditation does not eliminate or transcend human pain in the sense of making it physically disappear, but it profoundly changes the perception and experience of pain and suffering. It helps to manage pain, reduce its intensity and improve quality of life, making suffering more manageable, but it does not eliminate it completely.
The key points based on scientific evidence, Meditation, particularly mindfulness, does not block nerve signals of pain, but “disconnects” the areas of the brain involved in physical sensation from those that process the emotional and evaluative response (the “suffering”). Numerous studies have shown that meditation can significantly reduce pain intensity and discomfort, sometimes to a greater extent than pain medication or the placebo effect.
Meditation-based therapies, such as Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR), are considered effective treatments for chronic pain, comparable to other established psychological therapies such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). In addition to pain, meditation helps manage related aspects such as anxiety, depression, sleep quality and coping skills, reducing the functional impact of pain on daily life.
Neuroimaging research has shown that meditation activates distinct brain pathways that do not overlap with opioid or placebo mechanisms, offering a promising non-pharmacological approach to pain management.
Science confirms that meditation is a powerful tool for managing and modulating the experience of pain and suffering, significantly improving the ability to cope with them, but it does not offer a “panacea” for a life totally free of physical pain.
18. The points of convergence between science and spirituality
The main points of convergence between science and spirituality emerge in the dialogue on fundamental questions concerning existence, consciousness and the search for meaning, rather than in a direct methodological overlap.
Some scientists, such as Federico Faggin, argue that consciousness and free will are not mere by-products of the material brain, but may be fundamental to reality itself. This perspective, which sees consciousness as the creator (or supervisor) of the brain, is close to spiritual concepts that attribute a primary role to the inner or non-material dimension of being.
Both science and spirituality share the ability to evoke a profound sense of awe and wonder at the immensity and complexity of the universe and life. This shared emotional experience can foster dialogue between the two fields.
Both fields recognize the importance of moral decisions and personal ethics. Science, particularly with technological advances (e.g., artificial intelligence), raises ethical questions that require the integration of spiritual perspectives to ensure that technology serves human well-being.
Both scientific and spiritual research are driven by a thirst for knowledge, although they use different methods: science is based on empiricism, evidence and reason, while spirituality includes revelation, faith, inner reflection and lived experience.
Modern physics, particularly quantum mechanics, has challenged the purely materialistic view of reality described by classical physics, introducing concepts that can be interpreted as more aligned with a holistic or non-local view, offering potential conceptual bridges to spirituality.
Spiritual practices such as meditation, mindfulness and yoga are becoming the subject of scientific study for their positive effects on mental and physical health, creating a point of convergence between the pursuit of spiritual well-being and scientific inquiry.
Science confirms that meditation is a powerful tool for managing and modulating the experience of pain and suffering, significantly improving the ability to cope with them, but it does not offer a “panacea” for a life totally free of physical pain.
18. The points of convergence between science and spirituality
The main points of convergence between science and spirituality emerge in the dialogue on fundamental questions concerning existence, consciousness and the search for meaning, rather than in a direct methodological overlap.
Some scientists, such as Federico Faggin, argue that consciousness and free will are not mere by-products of the material brain, but may be fundamental to reality itself. This perspective, which sees consciousness as the creator (or supervisor) of the brain, is close to spiritual concepts that attribute a primary role to the inner or non-material dimension of being.
Both science and spirituality share the ability to evoke a profound sense of awe and wonder at the immensity and complexity of the universe and life. This shared emotional experience can foster dialogue between the two fields.
Both fields recognize the importance of moral decisions and personal ethics. Science, particularly with technological advances (e.g., artificial intelligence), raises ethical questions that require the integration of spiritual perspectives to ensure that technology serves human well-being.
Both scientific and spiritual research are driven by a thirst for knowledge, although they use different methods: science is based on empiricism, evidence and reason, while spirituality includes revelation, faith, inner reflection and lived experience.
Modern physics, particularly quantum mechanics, has challenged the purely materialistic view of reality described by classical physics, introducing concepts that can be interpreted as more aligned with a holistic or non-local view, offering potential conceptual bridges to spirituality.
Spiritual practices such as meditation, mindfulness and yoga are becoming the subject of scientific study for their positive effects on mental and physical health, creating a point of convergence between the pursuit of spiritual well-being and scientific inquiry.
The meeting often takes place in the recognition of their respective limitations and in the complementarity of the two paths to understanding reality in its entirety, as expressed by the famous phrase attributed to Albert Einstein: 'Science without religion is lame, religion without science is blind'.
19. Living in samsara but without creating further karma
Living in samsara without creating further karma is the essence of the path to liberation (Nirvana or Moksha) in Indian traditions, particularly in Buddhism. It does not mean withdrawing from the world, but radically changing the intention and attitude with which one acts.
Karma is created because of desire (craving/attachment) for the fruits of one's actions. By acting selflessly, offering one's actions or performing one's duty without expectation of personal reward, one avoids weaving new karmic bonds.
The root of karma and Samsara is ignorance of the true nature of reality, which leads to the illusion of a separate and permanent “self”. Developing wisdom (Prajna) through meditation and study to understand the concept of non-self (Anatta) is essential to cut off the very root of karma formation.
Mindfulness allows one to observe thoughts, words and actions without reacting automatically or compulsively. Deep meditation (Samadhi and Vipassana) calms the mind, helps to develop intuition and frees one from the ego, the main cause of karma.
Practicing blameless moral conduct, as outlined in the Eightfold Path, is essential. This includes right speech, right action and right livelihood. Avoiding harmful actions and cultivating beneficial ones, while remaining aware that even “good karma” binds one to the cycle as long as one is attached to its results, is a necessary step.
Focusing on the welfare of others and acting with compassion helps to overcome self-centeredness and attachment to oneself, which are among the main drivers of karma creation. Altruistic actions, performed for the common good, generate less personal attachment.
This is a profound inner change that one continues to live and act in the world, but with a mind free from mental afflictions (attachment, aversion and ignorance). When these roots are eradicated, actions become “liberating” and no longer “binding”.
20. Bodhisattva ideals in scientific and social context
Bodhisattva ideals are realistic is a matter of philosophical and spiritual interpretation that varies across different Buddhist traditions and individuals.
In many traditions, the Bodhisattva ideal is seen as a noble and heroic aspiration to which one can dedicate their life. Practitioners take formal vows (Bodhisattva Vows) and work on cultivating qualities like compassion, wisdom, and generosity over countless lifetimes. In this sense, the "realism" lies in the ongoing effort and moral development in daily life, not necessarily in the immediate, full attainment of the ultimate goal.
Mahayana Buddhism presents the Bodhisattva path as the ideal path for all, with the ultimate goal of becoming a fully enlightened Buddha to save all sentient beings. Some proponents argue that anyone who embarks on this path, from beginners to highly realized masters, is a Bodhisattva.
Within some Buddhist communities’ discussions, there is skepticism about the practicality or attainability of the ultimate Bodhisattva goal (becoming a perfect Buddha to liberate everyone). Critics point out the immense difficulty and the potential for failure across countless rebirths, seeing it as a risky path not guaranteed for success. The Buddha, in early texts, primarily taught the path to becoming an Arahant (an enlightened being who achieves liberation for themselves) with urgency.
For some, celestial Bodhisattvas like Avalokiteshvara are viewed as symbolic representations of innate human potential for wisdom and compassion, rather than literal, physical beings. Realizing the Bodhisattva ideal is about cultivating these authentic, inherent qualities within oneself.
Many contemporary practitioners view the ideals as highly realistic in the sense of guiding everyday ethical behavior and social action. Figures like Mother Teresa have been viewed by some as embodying Bodhisattvic qualities, demonstrating that the principles can be applied in a concrete, impactful way in the world.
The ideals are considered a real and central path for millions of Buddhists, but whether the ultimate aim is seen as a "realistic" outcome in conventional terms depends heavily on the specific doctrinal view and personal faith. It is a path of total commitment to an ideal that many believe is more real than everyday worldly facts.
From a scientific point of view, the Bodhisattva ideals cannot be objectively "proven" or "disproven" as a whole, because science deals with the observable, measurable, and physical world, while many aspects of the Bodhisattva path involve metaphysics, spiritual experiences, and transcendental goals.
However, science can offer perspectives on specific, naturalized components of the ideals. The core behaviors and psychological states associated with the Bodhisattva ideal, such as compassion (karunā), loving-kindness (mettā), and altruistic action, are areas of active scientific study, particularly in neuroscience and psychology.
Neuroscience research on meditation, including compassion and loving-kindness practices, has shown measurable effects on the brain, such as increased positive affect, reduced implicit bias, and enhanced resilience and prosocial behavior.
These qualities are considered realistic and cultivable aspects of human nature that can be integrated into daily life and social action, with positive outcomes for individuals and society.
Other foundational elements of the traditional Bodhisattva ideal fall outside the realm of scientific inquiry. The belief that a Bodhisattva can renounce Nirvana over countless lifetimes to help others involves concepts of karma and rebirth, for which there is no scientific evidence. The concept of highly advanced or cosmic Bodhisattvas, sometimes viewed as deities in certain traditions, is not empirically verifiable.
While meditation is studied for its mental health benefits, the ultimate goal of achieving a perfect, all-knowing Buddhahood and liberating all sentient beings is a spiritual aspiration that science cannot confirm or deny.
The science can validate the practical, psychological, and social benefits of striving for compassion and ethical action in the present life, treating these as "naturalized" aspects of human potential. It remains neutral on the ultimate, transcendental claims, viewing them as matters of faith or philosophy.
21. Application of Boddhisattva ideal in modern time
The Bodhisattva ideal is applied in modern times through "Socially Engaged Buddhism" and other secular contexts, focusing on translating traditional principles of compassion, wisdom, and skillful means into practical action to address contemporary global challenges. The Bodhisattva's commitment to alleviating suffering is a powerful inspiration for activists addressing systemic issues. Working for the rights of marginalized groups and challenging social injustice and inequality. Applying mindfulness and compassion in social movements and protests. Engaging in efforts to foster community resilience and support those in need, motivated by the vow to "save all sentient beings".
The Buddhist teaching of interconnectedness (pratityasamutpada) directly informs modern environmental ethics, leading to "ecosattvas" who work to mitigate the climate crisis. Advocating for clean energy, plant-based diets, and conservation efforts to protect the planet's biodiversity and future generations. Recognizing that harming the environment directly harms sentient beings, making environmental care a core aspect of compassionate action.
In the medical field, the Bodhisattva ideal emphasizes a holistic, compassionate approach to care. Providing emotional and spiritual support, not just medical treatment, to individuals experiencing profound suffering and facing end-of-life. Integrating mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) and other contemplative practices into mental and physical health treatments to address the full spectrum of human suffering.
The Bodhisattva ideal informs an approach to leadership that is rooted in service, rather than self-interest. Leaders are encouraged to prioritize the well-being of all people and the wider world, making decisions based on integrity, fairness, and a deep commitment to collective happiness. Fostering environments where everyone can thrive, guided by the principles of integrity and inclusivity.
For individual practitioners, the ideal translates into daily opportunities for kindness and selflessness. From letting a car into traffic to doing household chores without being asked, these small actions reflect a commitment to reducing the suffering of others.
The ongoing personal practice of generosity, morality, patience, diligence, concentration, and wisdom in everyday life to benefit both oneself and others.
In modern times, the Bodhisattva ideal transcends traditional religious boundaries, serving as a powerful, universal framework for personal transformation and addressing the complex challenges of an interconnected world.
22. Conclusion words
The aim is for you to immerse yourself in the text and explore its depths in order to find inner peace. Take a thoughtful and reflective approach as you delve into the material.
